Perbedaan Microsoft Word 2003 dengan Microsoft Word 2007 dan 2010

Berikut ini adalah beberapa perbedaan MS Word 2003 dengan MS Word 2007 dan 2010:
Dalam MS Word 2003 : a. menyimpan file document masih berupa .doc
                                      b. tidak memiliki Ribbon Bar.
                                      c. tidak bisa membuka dokumen yang diketik dalam MS Word 2007.

Dalam MS Word 2007 : a. menyimpan file document berupa .docx
                                      b. sudah memiliki Ribbon Bar, Live Preview, Office Button, menggunakan sistem        
                                          Tabbing dll.       
                                      c. fiturnya lebih mudah dan lengkap daripada MS Word 2003.
                                      d. bisa membuka dokumen yang diketik dalam MS Word 2003.
                                      e. memiliki Quick Access Toolbar.

Dalam MS Word 2010 : a. memiliki lebih banyak fitur daripada MS Word 2003 dan 2007.
                                      b. lebih cepat.
                                      c. Ribbon Bar lebih simpel.
                                      d. memiliki fitur Smart Art.

Sumber : Yahoo! Answers, dll.

The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but there were uncredited contributions by others. The lyrics for the songs were written by E.Y. Harburg, the music by Harold Arlen. Incidental music, based largely on the songs, was by Herbert Stothart, with borrowings from classical composers.
Based on the 1900 children's novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, the film stars Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, and Frank Morgan, with Billie Burke, Margaret Hamilton, Charles Grapewin, Clara Blandick and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins.
Notable for its use of special effects, Technicolor, fantasy storytelling and unusual characters, The Wizard of Oz has become, over the years, one of the best-known of all films. It is far and away the best-known version of L. Frank Baum's book, perhaps even eclipsing the fame of the novel itself.
Although it received largely positive reviews, won two Academy Awards, and was nominated for Best Picture of the Year (losing to Gone with the Wind), The Wizard of Oz was initially a box office failure. The film was MGM's most expensive production up to that time, but its initial release failed to recoup the studio's investment. Subsequent re-releases made up for that, however."Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the film itself received several Academy Award nominations.
Telecasts of The Wizard of Oz began in 1956, re-introducing the film to the public and eventually becoming an annual tradition, making it one of the most famous films ever made.[1] The film was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress, is often ranked among the Top 10 Best Movies of All-Time in various critics' and popular polls, and is the source of many memorable quotes referenced in modern popular culture
Kansas farm girl Dorothy Gale (Judy Garland) lives with her Aunt Em (Clara Blandick), Uncle Henry (Charles Grapewin), and three farm hands, Hickory (Jack Haley), Hunk (Ray Bolger), and Zeke (Bert Lahr). When irascible townswoman Miss Almira Gulch (Margaret Hamilton) is bitten by Dorothy's dog Toto, she gets a sheriff's order and takes Toto away to be destroyed. He escapes and returns to Dorothy, who, fearing for his life, runs away with him.
Dorothy soon encounters a traveling fortune teller named Professor Marvel (Frank Morgan in the first of his five roles in the film), who guesses she has run away and invites her into his wagon so that he can tell her fortune. Sneaking a look at a photo of Dorothy and Aunt Em, Professor Marvel convinces her to return home by falsely telling her that her aunt has fallen ill from grief. With a twister fast approaching, she rushes back to the farmhouse, but is unable to join her family in the locked storm cellar. Taking shelter inside the house, she is knocked unconscious by a window frame blown in by the twister.
Dorothy discovering that she and Toto are no longer in Kansas
Dorothy awakens to find the house being carried away by the tornado, with her and Toto inside. After the house eventually falls back to earth, she opens the door and finds herself alone in a strange village. Arriving in a floating bubble, Glinda, the Good Witch of the North (Billie Burke), informs Dorothy that her house landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East.
The timid Munchkins come out of hiding to celebrate the demise of the Witch by singing "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead". Their celebration is interrupted when the Wicked Witch of the West (Hamilton) suddenly appears in a cloud of smoke and tries to claim her dead sister's powerful ruby slippers. But Glinda magically transfers the slippers from the dead witch onto Dorothy's feet and reminds the Witch of the West that her power is ineffectual in Munchkinland. The Witch vows revenge on Dorothy, promising, "I'll get you, my pretty...and your little dog, too!" before leaving the same way she arrived. When Dorothy asks how to get back home, Glinda advises her to seek the help of the mysterious Wizard of Oz in the Emerald City, which she can reach by following the yellow brick road, and warns Dorothy never to remove the slippers or she will be at the mercy of the Wicked Witch.
On her way to the city, Dorothy meets a Scarecrow (Bolger), a Tin Man (Haley), and a Cowardly Lion (Lahr), who lament to her that they respectively lack a brain, a heart, and courage. The three decide to accompany Dorothy in hopes that the Wizard will also fulfill their desires, although they demonstrate along the way that they already have the qualities they believe they lack: The Scarecrow has several good ideas, the Tin Man is kind and sympathetic, and the Lion, though terrified, is ready to face danger.
After Dorothy and the Cowardly Lion nearly succumb to one of the Witch's traps, the foursome enter the Emerald City and are allowed to see the Wizard of Oz, who appears amidst smoke and flames as a disembodied and intimidating head. In a booming voice, he states that he will consider granting their wishes if they bring him the Wicked Witch's broomstick.
They set out for the Witch's castle, but she detects them and dispatches her army of flying monkeys, who carry Dorothy and her dog back to her. When the Witch threatens to drown Toto, Dorothy agrees to give up the slippers, but a shower of sparks prevents their removal. Realizing the shoes cannot be removed unless Dorothy dies, the Witch leaves to ponder how to accomplish this without diminishing the shoes' power.
Toto escapes, finds Dorothy's companions and leads them to the castle. After overpowering some of the Witch's guards and disguising themselves in the guards' uniforms, they enter the castle and free Dorothy. The Witch and her soldiers corner the group on a parapet, where the Witch sets the Scarecrow's arm ablaze with her broomstick. Dorothy throws water on her friend and accidentally splashes the Witch, causing her to melt. The soldiers are delighted, and their captain gives Dorothy the broomstick.
Upon their triumphant return to the Emerald City and the Wizard's chamber, Toto opens a curtain, revealing the Wizard to be an ordinary man (Frank Morgan) operating a console of wheels and levers while speaking into a microphone. Apologetic, he explains that Dorothy's companions already possessed what they had been seeking all along, but bestows upon them tokens of esteem in recognition of their respective virtues. Explaining that he too was born in Kansas, and was brought to Oz by a runaway hot air balloon, the man offers to take Dorothy home in the same balloon, leaving the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Lion in charge of the Emerald City.
As they are about to leave, Toto jumps out of the balloon's basket and Dorothy runs after him. The Wizard, unable to control the balloon, leaves without her. As Dorothy despairs of ever getting back home, Glinda appears and tells her that she always had the power to return home, but that she needed to learn for herself that she did not have to run away to find her heart's desire. Dorothy bids her friends goodbye, then follows Glinda's instructions to close her eyes, tap her heels together three times, and keep repeating "There's no place like home".
Dorothy awakens in her bedroom in Kansas, surrounded by family and friends, and tells them of her journey. Although Aunt Em assures her it was a dream, Dorothy insists it was real, promising that she will never leave home again because she loves them all, and because there's no place like home.

Cast

Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel / Doorman / Cabbie / Guard / The Wizard
Ray Bolger as Hunk / Scarecrow
Bert Lahr as Zeke / Cowardly Lion
Jack Haley as Hickory / Tin Man
Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North
Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West
Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry
Pat Walshe as Nikko (the Head Flying Monkey)
Clara Blandick as Auntie Em
Terry as Toto
The Singer Midgets as the Munchkins

Charice Pempengco

Charmaine Clarice Relucio Pempengco (born May 10, 1992), popularly known by the mononym Charice, is a Filipino recording artist and actress who rose to popularity through YouTube. Dubbed by Oprah Winfrey as the Most Talented Girl in the World,[1] she released her first international studio album Charice in 2010. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number-eight, making Charice the first Asian singer in history to land in the Top 10 of the Billboard 200 albums chart.
She released the single "Pyramid" which featured singer Iyaz. It became her most successful single to-date, charting within the top 40 in a number of countries, and debuting on The Oprah Winfrey Show where she sang live vocals. Crossing over to acting on television, she joined the cast of TV series Glee as Sunshine Corazon. She has released a new lead single, "Before It Explodes", written by Bruno Mars, from her international sophomore studio album, Infinity.
Pempengco was born in Laguna, Philippines. After barely escaping her violent father, Charice was raised by her single mother, Raquel. To help support her family she began to enter singing contests at age seven, from town fiestas in various provinces to singing competitions on TV. She is said to have competed in almost a hundred such contests.
In 2005 Charice joined Little Big Star, a talent show in the Philippines loosely patterned after American Idol. Eliminated after her first performance, she was called back as a wildcard contender and eventually became one of the finalists. Although she was a consistent top scorer in the final rounds, she did not win the title in the finale and only placed third.
Charice made minor appearances on local television shows and commercials, but essentially fell off the radar after her stint at Little Big Star. It was not until 2007 that she gained worldwide recognition after an avid supporter under the username FalseVoice, started posting a series of her performance videos on YouTube. These videos received over 15 million hits.
On January 23, 2010, she appeared on Io Canto, a renowned singing competition in Italy. She performed her standards plus an Italian favorite called "Adagio" (made popular by Lara Fabian), in Italian. On January 31 she was featured as one of the musical acts on the NBC Sports program Silk Soy Milk Skate for the Heart, a show designed to raise awareness of heart disease. She performed "Note to God" and debuted two new songs included in her debut album, "In This Song" and "Breathe Out" (later retitled as "Breathe You Out"). The album version and club remixes of her second single, "Pyramid" (featuring Iyaz), from her international debut album were released on February 23, 2010 and March 2, 2010. Her self-titled international debut album with Reprise Records was released on May 11, 2010. On its first week, the album reached #8 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart, making her the first Asian to enter the Top 10.[disputed – discuss] On the same day as part of her album launching, she again made a guest appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show along with another YouTube-discovered singer Justin Bieber. Pempengco's world-wide promotion of her album was shown in a 12-part mini-documentary entitled 30 Days with Charice, which was filmed by Alloy TV and published at Teen.com. On June 22, Pempengco herself confirmed that she will join the cast of the hit US television series Glee on its second season. Later in the week, she released a promotional single entitled "Crescent Moon" in Japan. The single is an English rendition of the Japanese song "Mikazuki" by Ayaka.
During the inauguration of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III on June 30, 2010, Charice sang the Philippine national anthem in front of a crowd estimated at more than half a million. In July she embarked on an album promotional tour of Asia covering Thailand, the Philippines, Japan and South Korea. While in South Korea, she appeared on the show Star King for the third time. On September 7 the premiere of Glee's second season was held in Hollywood with Pempengco in attendance. Cast in a recurring role, she plays an exchange student from the Philippines named Sunshine Corazon who presents serious competition against lead character Rachel Berry (played by Lea Michele). On November 30 she appeared on NBC's Christmas in Rockefeller Center and performed two songs from her Christmas EP, "Grown-Up Christmas List" and "Jingle Bell Rock", with producer and mentor David Foster. She also performed "The Prayer" with the Canadian Tenors and David Foster on the piano for a Christmas special on CBC Television. In December she became Operation Smile's official Smile Ambassador. She joins other celebrity Smile Ambassadors such as Jessica Simpson, Billy Bush, and Zachary Levi in the organization's global efforts of providing free surgeries to children born with cleft lip, cleft palate and other facial deformities. On February 13, 2011, her very first television musical special entitled Charice: Home for Valentine's was broadcasted on Philippine television's GMA 7 network. From February 21 to February 25, she embarked on her very first solo tour performing in four shows held at three different Zepp music halls in Japan (Nagoya, two Tokyo dates, and Osaka).
It was announced that she began to record new material for her upcoming sophomore international album. "Before It Explodes", her comeback single, written by Bruno Mars, was released on April 18, 2011. The following day after its release, another song, titled "One Day", was released on iTunes, which was co-written and co-produced by Nick Jonas. "Louder", the second single was released on May 20 which was bundled with another song, "Lost The Best Thing". On September 14, 2011, it was revealed in a Japanese broadcast that she will be singing the theme song to the video game Final Fantasy XIII-2, titled "New World".
Her second studio album, Infinity, was released exclusively early in Japan on October 5, 2011.
In an ABC News interview, David Foster mentioned that she has the ability to mimic other people's voices, which, according to him, is a characteristic of good singers. In a separate interview, Josh Groban stated that Charice's voice is one of the most beautiful voices he has heard in a long time. The New York Post once called her a vocal prodigy for being able to sing 'big songs' even at her tender age. Ryan Murphy, the executive music producer of the hit US television series Glee, said, "When that girl opens her mouth, angels fly out." Charice was recently featured in Oprah's bookazine, “Oprah’s Farewell Celebration: Inside 25 Extraordinary Years of ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show,” and is mentioned to have a "soaring soprano voice" and a "5-octave" voice. Charice released a new web series "30 Days With Charice", in early 2011 and on its 3rd episode, entitled "Charice On The Road : NYC" her manager Marc Johnston said of Charice's remarkable talent and extraordinary voice, "Vocally, she's probably the greatest female pop singer in the world right now...what other great vocalists are out there that can do what she's doing?". The highest note that Charice has sung in chest voice in a live performance would be a G#5 in the song "One Moment In Time" in 2009, when Charice was only 17. Her vocal range would be generally classified as a mezzo soprano, but when in her upper register, her voice is classified as a "dramatic soprano". Her videos and songs on youtube now have over 300 million views altogether.

David Foster

David Walter Foster, OC, OBC (born November 1, 1949), is a Canadian musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter, and arranger, noted for discovering singers such as Michael Bublé, Josh Groban, and Charice Pempengco; and for producing some of the most successful artists in the world, such as Céline Dion, Toni Braxton, Madonna, Air Supply and Michael Jackson. Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations.
Throughout his career, he has produced recordings for a wide range of musical artists, including Bryan Adams, Tamia, Christina Aguilera, The Bee Gees, Andrea Bocelli, Boz Scaggs, Mariah Carey, Toni Braxton, Chicago, Destiny's Child, Neil Diamond, Céline Dion, Earth Wind and Fire, Gloria Estefan, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Michael Jackson, Chaka Khan, Beyonce Knowles, Kenny Loggins, Madonna, Olivia Newton-John, Nsync, Charice Pempengco, Prince, LeAnn Rimes, Kenny Rogers, Barbra Streisand, Donna Summer, Shania Twain, Hall & Oates, The Tubes, and Jackie Evancho.
Foster was a keyboardist for the pop group Skylark discovered by Eirik Wangberg. The band's song “Wildflower” was a top ten hit in 1973.
Together with Jay Graydon he formed the band Airplay, whose album of the same name is often labeled the most important within the Westcoast AOR genre.
He produced debut albums for The Corrs, Michael Bublé, Renee Olstead and Josh Groban, which were released under his own record label, 143 Records, and distributed through Warner Music. Foster helped launch Kevin Sharp's career after the two met through the Make-A-Wish Foundation and he produced David Hayes singing a song by composed by Ed Scheid and Laramy Smith title "Friend".
In 1985, Rolling Stone magazine named Foster the "master of ... bombastic pop kitsch." That year, Foster composed the score for the film St. Elmo's Fire, including "Love Theme from St. Elmo's Fire" which hit No. 15 in US pop charts (with a remake of a song titled "For just a moment" with vocals by Amy Holland and Donny Gerrard). Another song from the film, "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)", recorded by John Parr hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 7, 1985. The following years, Foster continued turning out occasional film scores, including the Michael J. Fox comedy The Secret of My Success and the Jodie Foster-Mark Harmon drama Stealing Home, both of which spawned soundtrack albums with prominent Foster-penned contributions. He collaborated with then-wife Linda Thompson on the song "I Have Nothing", sung by Whitney Houston in the 1992 film The Bodyguard. The couple were nominated for a Grammy Award and an Academy Award for Best Song for the song.
He produced Japanese singer Seiko Matsuda's 1988 album "Citron", also arranging and co-writing all the songs on the album, including the number one single "Marrakech".
In 1995 Foster signed a deal with Warner Brothers that enabled him to set up his own boutique label, 143 Records, as a joint venture with Warner. Foster gave the responsibility for running the label to then manager Brian Avnet. One of the label's first signing was little known Irish folk-rock band The Corrs, for whom he produced their debut album. By 1997 Foster had come to the realisation that, in the American market at least, "logo labels" like 143 were in a "bad spot" and as a result Foster sold the label back to Warner and became senior vice-president at the corporation.
In addition to the numerous albums he has produced, the following are Foster's own solo or band works:[citation needed]
1972: Skylark (self-titled)
1974: 2 Skylark
1976: Attitudes (self-titled)
1977: Good News Attitudes
1980: Airplay (self-titled)
1983: The Best of Me
1986: David Foster (self-titled)
1988: The Symphony Sessions
1989: Time Passing
1990: River of Love
1991: Rechordings
1992: A Touch Of David Foster
1993: The Christmas Album
1994: Love Lights The World
2000: The Best Of Me: A Collection of David Foster’s Greatest Works
2001: O Canada (with Lara Fabian)
2002: Love Stories
2003: Teko’s Theme - with Nita Whitaker
2004: The Best Of Me - Original Recording Remastered
2008: Hitman: David Foster and Friends
2010: The Magic of David Foster & Friends
2011: Hitman Returns: David Foster and Friends
[edit]Singles
1985: "Love Theme From St. Elmo's Fire (For Just a Moment)" (US #15)
1986: "The Best of Me" (Duet with Olivia Newton-John) (US #80)
1988: "Winter Games (Can't You Feel It)" - Official theme song for the Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics (US #85)
[edit]Awards and honors
In 1995, Foster became the recipient of the Order of British Columbia, the highest honour awarded in his native province of British Columbia. Foster became an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2006.
Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards, including three Producer of the Year award and has been nominated a total of 47 times.
He has been nominated three times for an Academy Award for Best Original Song and won the 1999 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for the song "The Prayer" (sung by Andrea Bocelli and Celine Dion) from the film Quest for Camelot. He has been named BMI's "Songwriter of the Year".In June 2010, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Foster, along with Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, composed "The Power of the Dream" as the official song of the 1996 Summer Olympics, with then-wife Thompson providing the lyrics (sung by Céline Dion). He also composed "Winter Games", the theme song for 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta. "Winter Games" is the soundtrack for a fountain show at the Bellagio resort in Las Vegas as well as a fountain show at Sea World Orlando. Also in 2001, he collaborated with Lara Fabian and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra to record the Canadian national anthem, "O Canada", for an English version, a French version, and a bilingual (French/English) version, for a promotion of the Government of Canada. Foster, along with his then-wife Thompson, composed "Light the Fire Within" which was sung by LeAnn Rimes for the 2002 Winter Olympics. In 2003, Foster won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics for The Concert for World Children's Day. His song "I Will Be There With You" (sung with Katharine McPhee) is being used by Japan Airlines to promote the introduction of new aircraft to its US flights.
During the 1990s he often performed acts with San Diego vocalist Warren Wiebe, whom he had discovered in the restroom of a hotel bar in 1987. In 1994 he had Wiebe put together a band called Millennium featuring Nita Whitaker and a few session vocalists, but the deal with Foster's record company led to the group's demise. Wiebe was Foster's "mouth" on many of his videos but committed suicide before he could release a solo album.
In 2005, record producer David Foster, his daughter Amy Foster-Gillies and Knowles wrote "Stand Up For Love" as the anthem to the World Children's Day, an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes. Over the past three years, more than $50 million has been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children's organizations. Destiny's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program.
In 2009 it was revealed that Foster had worked with songwriter Diane Warren to produce records for Whitney Houston's upcoming album. It was then announced that her comeback single would be the Foster-produced "I Didn't Know My Own Strength".
He recently collaborated with American Idol finalist Michael Johns on the re-write of his popular 1980s hit "St Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)."
In July 2011, it was announced that Foster would take the helm of Verve Records under Universal Music and shift the focus of the label from jazz to adult contemporary pop.

Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat adalah sebuah kuil atau candi yang terletak di kota Angkor, Kamboja, dan dianggap sebagai salah satu dari keajaiban dunia. Ia dibangun oleh Raja Suryavarman II pada pertengahan abad ke-12. Pembangunan kuil Angkor Wat memakan waktu selama 30 tahun. Angkor Wat terletak di dataran Angkor yang juga dipenuhi bangunan kuil yang indah, tetapi Angkor Wat merupakan kuil yang paling terkenal di dataran Angkor. Raja Suryavarman II memerintahkan pembangunan Angkor Wat menurut kepercayaan Hindu yang meletakkan gunung Meru sebagai pusat dunia dan merupakan tempat tinggal dewa-dewi Hindu dengan itu menara tengah Angkor Wat adalah menara tertinggi dan merupakan menara utama dalam kompleks bangunan Angkor Wat.
Sebagaimana mitologi gunung Meru, kawasan kuil Angkor Wat dikelilingi oleh dinding dan terusan yang mewakili lautan dan gunung yang mengelilingi dunia. Jalan masuk utama ke Angkor Wat yang sepanjang setengah kilometer dihiasi pagar susur pegangan tangan dan diapit oleh laut buatan manusia yang disebut sebagai Baray. Jalan masuk ke kuil Angkor Wat melalui pintu gerbang, mewakili jambatan pelangi yang menghubungkan antara alam dunia dengan alam dewa-dewa.
Angkor Wat berada dalam keadaan yang baik dibandingkan dengan kuil lain di dataran Angkor disebabkan Angkor Wat telah dialihfungsikan menjadi kuil Buddha dan dipelihara serta digunakan secara terus menerus ketika agama Buddha menggantikan agama Hindu di Angkor pada abad ke-13. Kuil Angkor pernah dijajah oleh Siam pada tahun 1431.
Pada tahun 1992 Angkor Wat masuk dalam daftar Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Nama modern Angkor Wat, berarti "Kuil Kota"; Angkor adalah bentuk perubahan dari kata នគរ nokor yang berasal dari kata नगर nagara dalam bahasa Sansekerta yang berarti ibu kota atau negara. wat adalah istilah dalam bahasa Khmer untuk kuil atau candi. Sebelumnya nama asli candi ini adalah Preah Pisnulok atau Vishnuloka (tempat dewa Wishnu bersemayam), berdasarkan nama anumerta raja pembangunnya, Suryavarman II.

Komputer Generasi 5

Akhir tahun 1980, IBM memutuskan untuk membangun sebuah komputer personal (PC) secara massal, yang pada tanggal 12 Agustus 1981 menjadi sebuah standar komputer PC, dan pada akhirnya hingga saat ini PC dikenal dengan nama standar IBM-PC. Prosesor yang digunakan adalah 8088/8086 yang menjadi standar komputer saat ini, menggunakan basis proses 16 bit persatuan waktu. Dengan lahirnya komputer generasi kelima ini, IBM bekerja sama dengan Microsoft untuk mengembangkan software di dalamnya. Hingga saat ini Microsoft mendominasi kebutuhan software di dunia PC.

Pada perkembangan selanjutnya perubahan besar terjadi bahwa sejak IBM-PC diperkenalkan dan bukan menjadi satu-satunya manufaktur PC-compatible, maka standar baru dalam dunia industri PC lebih dikembangkan oleh perusahaan lain seperti Intel dan Microsoft yang dipelopori oleh W. Bill Gates yang menjadi pionir standar hardware dan software dunia.

Pada generasi kelima ini, telah dilakukan pengembangan dengan apa yang dinamakan Josephson Junction, teknologi yang akan menggantikan chip yang mempunyai kemampuan memproses trilyunan operasi perdetik sementara teknologi chip hanya mampu memproses miliaran operasi perdetik. Komputer pada generasi ini akan dapat menerjemahkan bahasa manusia, manusia dapat langsung bercakap-cakap dengan komputer serta adanya penghematan energi komputer. Sifat luar biasa ini disebut sebagai “Artificial Intelligence”, selain itu juga berbasis Graphic User Interface (GUI), multimedia, dan multikomunikasi.

Contoh-contoh komputer yang lahir pada generasi kelima berbasis x86, seperti chip 286 yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1982 dengan 134.000 transistor, kemudian chip 386 pada tahun 1983 dengan 275.000 transistor, sedangkan chip 486 diperkenalkan tahun 1989 yang memiliki 1,2 juta transistor. Selanjutnya pada tahun 1993 Intel memperkenalkan keluarga prosesor 586 yang disebut Pentium 1 dengan jumlah transistor 3,1 juta untuk melakkan 90 MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second). Kemudian dilanjutkan pada generasi berikutnya yaitu Pentium 2, 3, dan 4.

Pada akhir tahun 2000 Intel memperkenalkan Pentium 4, yang merupakan prosesor terakhir dalam keluarga Intel dengan arsitektur 32 bit (IA-32). Tahun 2001 Intel mengumumkan prosesor Itanium yang merupakan prosesor dengan basis arsitektur 64 bit (IA-64) pertama. Itanium merupakan prosesor pertama milik Intel dengan instruksi-instruksi 64 bit dan akan menelurkan satu generasi baru dari sistem operasi dan aplikasi, sementara masih mempertahankan backward compatibility dengan software 32 bit. Perlu diketahui bahwa sejak dikeluarkannya prosesor 386, komputer beroperasi pada 32 bit per satuan waktu dalam mengeksekusi informasi hingga Pentium 4. Hingga sekarang komputer yang digunakan kebanyakan masih yang berbasis 32 bit.

Pada generasi pentium, selain ciri khas pada peningkatan kecepatan akses datanya juga tampilan gambar sudah beresolusi (kualitas gambar) bagus dan berwarna serta multimedia, dan yang lebih penting adalah fungsi komputer menjadi lebih cerdas. Meskipun komputer pada generasi ini ukuran fisiknya menjadi lebih kecil dan sederhana namun memiliki kemampuan yang semakin canggih.

Komputer Generasi 4

Komputer generasi keempat merupakan kelanjutan dari generasi III. Bedanya bahwa IC pada generasi IV lebih kompleks dan terintegrasi. Sejak tahun 1970 ada dua perkembangan yang dianggap sebagai komputer generasi IV. Pertama, penggunaan Large Scale Integration (LSI) yang disebut juga dengan nama Bipolar Large Large Scale Integration. LSI merupakan pemadatan beribu-ribu IC yang dijadikan satu dalam sebuah keping IC yang disebut chip. Istilah chip digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu lempengan persegi empat yang memuat rangkaian terpadu IC. LSI kemudian dikembangkan menjadi Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) yang dapat menampung puluhan ribu hingga ratusan ribu IC. Selanjutnya dikembangkannya komputer mikro yang menggunakan mikroprosesor dan semikonduktor yang berbentuk chip untuk memori komputer internal sementara generasi sebelumnya menggunakan magnetic core storage.

Komputer Generasi IV: Apple II

Perusahaan Intel pada tahun 1971 memperkenalkan mikrokomputer 4 bit yang menggunakan chip prosesor dengan nama 4004 yang berisi 230 transistor dan berjalan pada 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) dan dapat mengeksekusi 60.000 operasi per detik. Dilanjutkan pada tahun 1972, Intel memperkenalkan mikrokomputer 8008 yang memproses 8 bit informasi pada satu waktu. Selanjutnya mikroprosesor 8080 dibuat pada tahun 1974, dan merupakan prosesor untuk tujuan umum pertama. Sebelumnya prosesor 4004 dan 8008 dirancang untuk kebutuhan aplikasi tertentu, dan prosesor 8080 memiliki kemampuan lebih cepat dan memilki set instruksi yang lebih kaya, serta memiliki kemampuan pengalamatan yang lebih besar. Pada generasi keempat ini tampilan monitor masih satu warna (green color).

Komputer Generasi IV: PDP 11

Komputer-komputer generasi keempat diantaranya adalah IBM 370, Apple I dan Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, dan Altair yang menggunakan prosesor Intel 8080, dengan sistem operasi CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessor), dengan bahasa pemrograman Microsoft Basic (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Sebagai catatan bahwa pada komputer-komputer generasi keempat ini tidak satupun yang PC-Compatible atau Macintosh-Compatible. Sehingga pada generasi ini belum ditentukan standar sebuah komputer terutama personal computer (PC).

Komputer Generasi 3

Pada generasi ketiga inilah teknologi Integrated Circuit (IC) menjadi ciri utama karena mulai digunakan pada sebuah perangkat komputer hingga generasi sekarang. Komponen IC berbentuk hybrid atau solid (SLT) dan monolithyc (MST). SLT adalah transistor dan diode diletakkan terpisah dalam satu tempat sedangkan MST adalah elemen transistor, diode, dan resistor diletakkan bersama dalam satu chip. MST lebih kesil tetapi mempunyai kemmapuan lebih besar dibanding SLT.

IC dibuat pertama kali oleh Texas Istruments dan Fairchild Semiconductor pada tahun 1959 yang hanya berisi enam transistor. Bisa kita bandingkan bahwa prosesor saat ini yang kita gunakan telah memiliki jutaan, puluhan, ratusan juta transistor, bahkan telah didesain prosesor dengan miliaran transistor. Sebuah perkembangan yang luar biasa dalam masa kurang dari setengah abad.

Komputer Generasi III UNIVAC 1108

Ciri-ciri komputer generasi ketiga adalah:

• Karena menggunakan IC maka kinerja komputer menjadi lebih cepat dan tepat. Kecepatannya hampir 10.000 kali lebih cepat dari komputer generasi pertama.
• Peningkatan dari sisi software.
• Kapasitas memori lebih besar, dan dapat menyimpan ratusan ribu karakter (sebelumnya hanya puluhan ribu).
• Menggunakan media penyimpanan luar disket magnetik (external disk) yang sifat pengaksesan datanya secara acak (random access) dengan kapasitas besar (jutaan karakter).
• Penggunaan listrik lebih hemat.
• Kemampuan melakukan multiprocessing dan multitasking.
• Telah menggunakan terminal visual display dan dapat mengeluarkan suara.
• Harganya semakin murah.
• Kemampuan melakukan komunikasi dengan komputer lain.

IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, NCR Century, GE 600, CDC 3000, 6000, dan 7000, PDP-8, dan PDP-11 (pabrik pembuatnya adalah Digital Equipment Corporation) merupakan contoh-contoh komputer generasi ketiga.

Komputer Generasi 2

Komputer generasi kedua ditandai dengan ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

• Menggunakan teknologi sirkuit berupa transistor dan diode untuk menggantikan tabung vakum.
• Sudah menggunakan operasi bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi seperti FORTRAN dan COBOL.
• Kapasitas memori utama dikembangkan dari Magnetic Core Storage.
• Menggunakan simpanan luar berupa Magnetic Tape dan Magnetic Disk.
• Kemampuan melakukan proses real time dan real-sharing.
• Ukuran fisiknya sudah lebih kecil dibanding komputer generasi pertama.
• Proses operasi sudah lebih cepat, yaitu jutaan operasi perdetik.
• Kebutuhan daya listrik lebih kecil.
• Orientasi program tidah hanya tertuju pada aplikasi bisnis, tetapi juga aplikasi teknik.

UNIVAC III

Dibanding denga tabung, teknologi transistor jauh lebih efisien sebagai switch dan dapat diperkecil ke skala mikroskopik. Pada tahun 2001 peniliti Intel telah memperkenalkan silikon paling kecil dan paling cepat di dunia, dengan ukuran 20 nanometer ata sebanding dengan sepermiliar meter, yang akan digunakan pada prosesor dengan kecepatan 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). Era ini juga menandakan permulaan munculnya minikomputer yang merupakan terbesar kedua dalam keluarga komputer. Harganya lebih murah dibanding dengan generasi pertama. Komputer DEC PDP-8 adalah minikomputer pertama yang dibuat tahun 1964 untuk pengolahan data komersial.

Jenis-jenis komputer lain yang muncul pada generasi ini diantaranta UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90, dan 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, dan 1600.

Komputer Generasi 1

Awal mulanya komputer pada generasi pertama ini adalah saat terjadi perang dunia kedua, negara-negara yang ikut terlibat dalam perang dunia itu berusaha mengembangkan komputer untuk memaksimalkan kemampuan dalam mengatur strategis yang dimiliki oleh komputer. Hal ini mempengaruhi peningkatan pendanaan pengembangan komputer juga ikut serta mempercepat pertumbuhan kemajuan teknik komputer. Tahun 1941, seorang insinyur Jerman bernama Konrad Zuse membangun sebuah komputer, Z3, untuk mendisain pesawat terbang dan juga peluru kendali.

Di tempat lain ada Pihak sekutu juga yang juga membuat kemajuan lain dalam pengembangan kemampuan komputer. Pada tahun 1943, pihak Inggris berhasil menyelesaikan sebuah komputer pemecah kode rahasia yang diberi namakan Colossus yang berfungsi untuk memecahkan kode rahasia yang digunakan oleh negara Jerman. Efek dari pembuatan Colossus sebenarnya tidak banyak mempengaruhi perkembangan industri komputer, hal itu bisa terjadi karena ada dua alasan yaitu ; yang pertama, colossus adalah bukan komputer serbaguna dalam bahasa inggrisnya “general purpose computer”, ia dibuat hanya agar bisa memecahkan kode rahasia. Yang kedua, keberadaan mesin ini dijaga kerahasiaannya hingga satu dekade setelah perang selesai.

Sedangkan usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak Amerika pada saat itu adalah menghasilkan suatu kemajuan lain jika dibandingkan dengan sekutu. Seorang insinyur Harvard yang bernama Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) bekerja sama dengan IBM, berhasil menghasilkan kalkulator elektronik untuk US Navy. Kalkulator itu berukuran sangat besar, yaitu dengan panjang setengah lapangan sepak bola dan juga memiliki rentang kabel sepanjang 500 mil (besar sekali bukan). Komputer itu adalah ; The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, atau Mark I, merupakan komputer relai elektronik. Mark I menggunakan sinyal elektromagnetik untuk menggerakkan komponen mekanik. Mark I beropreasi dengan lambat, ia memerlukan waktu 3-5 detik untuk setiap perhitungan dan tidak fleksibel yaitu urutan kalkulasinya tidak dapat diubah. Mark I tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan aritmatik dasar dan persamaan yang lebih kompleks.

Perkembangan komputer lain pada masa itu adalah Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer singkatannya adalah ENIAC, yang diciptakan berkat kerjasama antara pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan University of Pennsylvania. Komputer ENIAC terdiri dari 18.000 tabung vakum, 70.000 resistor, dan 5 juta titik solder, komputer ENIAC merupakan komputer yang sangat besar ia membutuhkan daya sebesar 160kW.

Komputer ENIAC dirancang oleh John Presper Eckert [1919-1995] dan John W. Mauchly [1907-1980], ENIAC merupakan komputer serbaguna [general purpose computer] yang mampu bekerja 1000 kali lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan komputer Mark I.

kemudian ada pertengahan tahun 1940-an, John von Neumann [1903-1957] bergabung dengan tim University of Pennsylvania dalam usaha menciptakan konsep disain komputer yang sampai 40 tahun yang akan datang masih dapat digunakan dalam teknik komputer. Von Neumann mendesain Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer [EDVAC] pada tahun 1945 dengan sebuah memori untuk menampung baik program ataupun data. Cara ini memungkinkan komputer dapat berhenti pada suatu saat dan kemudian melanjutkan pekerjaannya lagi. Kunci utama arsitektur von Neumann adalah unit pemrosesan sentral (CPU), yang memungkinkan seluruh fungsi komputer untuk dikoordinasikan melalui satu sumber tunggal. Pada tahun 1951, UNIVAC I atau kepanjangannya adalah Universal Automatic Computer I yang dibuat oleh Remington Rand, menjadi komputer komersial pertama yang memanfaatkan model arsitektur von Neumann itu.

Badan Sensus Amerika Serikat dan General Electric memiliki UNIVAC. Salah satu hasil yang sangat mengesankan yang dicapai oleh UNIVAC adalah pada saat berhasil memprediksi kemenangan Dwilight D. Eisenhower dalam pemilihan presiden pada Tahun 1952.

Komputer Generasi pertama ini dapat dikarakteristikan dengan fakta bahwa instruksi operasi dibuat secara spesifik untuk tugas tertentu. Setiap komputer memiliki program kode-biner yang berbeda yang disebut dengan “bahasa mesin” dalam bahasa inggrisnya adalah “machine language”. Hal ini menjadikan komputer sulit untuk diprogram dan membatasi kecepatannya. Ciri lain komputer generasi pertama adalah pemakaian tube vakum (yang menjadikan komputer pada masa itu tampak berukuran sangat besar) dan silinder magnetik yang berfungi untuk sebagai penyimpan data.

Glee

Glee adalah serial drama komedi musikal yang ditayangkan di channel Fox di Amerika Serikat. Serial ini menceritakan tentang klub paduan suara New Directions bersaing di lomba paduan suara sementara anggotanya menghadapi hubungan, seksualitas, dan isu sosial. Para pelaku utama awalnya adalah direktur klub dan guru bahasa Spanyol, Will Schuester(Matthew Morrison), pelatih pemandu sorak Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), guru bimbingan konselor Emma Pillsbury-Howell (Jayma Mays) dan 8 anggota yang diperankan oleh Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Amber Riley, Jenna Ushkowitz dan Mark Salling. Pada musim kedua, Mike O'Malley, Heather Morris dan Naya Rivera dipromosikan ke aktor utama.

Serial ini dibuat oleh Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk dan Ian Brennan yang pertama-tama membuat Glee sebagai sebuah film. Episode pertamanya ditayangkan setelah acaraAmerican Idol pada tanggal 19 Mei 2009 dan musim pertamanya berlangsung dari 9 September 2009 sampai 8 Juni 2010. Musim keduanya mulai ditayangkan pada 21 September 2010.

Glee yang kental dengan unsur musik ini juga merilis lagu-lagu yang terdapat disetiap tayangannya. Dimulai dari Glee: The Music, Volume 1, yang dirilis pada tanggal 2 November2009. Yang pada akhirnya meraih kesuksesan dengan penjualan mencapai tujuh juta keping.

Secara umum, acara ini mendapatkan respon positif. Season pertama dari serial ini juga mendapat 19 nominasi Emmy Awards, 4 Golden Globe Awards, 6 Satellite Awards dan 57 penghargaan lainnya. Memenangkan Golden Globe Award 2010 untuk Best Television Series- Musical or Comedy dan mendapat 3 nominasi sebagai Aktris Terbaik (Lea Michele), Aktor Terbaik (Matthew Morrison), dan Artis Pendukung Terbaik (Jane Lynch). Di tahun 2011, Glee lagi-lagi memenangkan Golden Globe Awards untuk Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. Jane Lynch dan Chris Colfer memenangkan Golden Globe sebagai Best Supporting Actress (Aktris Pendukung Terbaik) dan Best Supporting Actor (Aktor Pendukung Terbaik).Matthew Morrison dan Lea Michele juga dinominasikan sebagai Best Actor (Aktor Terbaik) dan Best Actress (Aktris Terbaik).

Candi Borobudur

                  Candi Borobudur adalah candi Buddha terbesar di Indonesia. Candi ini termasuk dalam tujuh keajaiban dunia. Candi Borobudur terletak di Borobudur, Magelang, Jawa Tengah. Lokasinya kurang lebih 100 km di sebelah barat daya Semarang dan 40 km di sebelah barat laut Yogyakarta. Bangunan Candi dikelilingi oleh Bukit Manoreh yg membentang dari timur ke barat.
                  Candi Borobudur dibangun oleh Raja Samaratungga dari Mataram Buddha pada tahn 842. Pembangunan candi ini bertujuan untuk menghormati pendiri Dinasti Syailendra. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, Candi Borobudur berfungsi sebagai bangunan suci umat Buddha.
                  Candi yang ditemukan pertama kali pada tahun 1814 ini sebelumnya tertimbun selama ratusan tahun akibat gempa bumi dan gunung meletus. Candi Borobudur telah mengalami 2 kali pemugaran. Pemugaran pertama dilakukan pada tahun 1907-1911 dan dipimpin oleh orang berkebangsaan Belanda bernama Th. Van Erp. Pemugaran kedua dilakukan tahun 1973-1983. Pemugaran ini dilaksanakan pemerintah Indonesia dengan bamtuan UNESCO.
                   Bangunan Candi Borobudur berbentuk stupa raksasa. Secara garis besar candi ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian. Ketiga bagian tersebut adalah sebegai berikut :
a. Bagian paling bawah atau kaki candi disebut Kamadhatu.                                                                       b. Bagian tengah atau tubuh candi disebut Rupadhatu.
c. Bagian atas yang merupakan puncak disebut Arupadhatu.
                   Candi Borobudur Borobudur mempunyai 505 arca Buddha. Pada dindingnya terdapat relief sepanjang 4 kilometer. Relief-relief itu yang menggambarkan berbagai cerita. Sebagian besar cerita diambilkan dari kisah kehidupan Sang Buddha Gautama.